Understanding Hormones: Oestrogen, Progesterone, and Testosterone

During menopause, the production of certain hormones decreases, leading to various physiological changes. 

Oestrogen, a primary female hormone, plays a vital role in regulating menstrual cycles, maintaining bone density, and managing cholesterol levels, there are three primary types: oestradiol, estrone, and estriol. Each of these oestrogen’s has a unique role in the body, and their levels fluctuate during different stages of a woman's life.

1. Oestradiol:

Oestradiol is the primary oestrogen during a woman's reproductive years. It is produced by the ovaries and plays a vital role in regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining bone density, and supporting overall reproductive health. During menopause, the production of oestradiol decreases significantly.

2. Estrone:

Estrone is the predominant oestrogen in postmenopausal women. It is produced mainly in fat cells through the conversion of androgens (male hormones) into oestrogens. While estrone is less potent than oestradiol, it still contributes to various estrogenic effects in the body. However, excessive levels of estrone can be associated with an increased risk of certain health conditions, such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer.

3. Estriol:

Estriol is the least potent oestrogen and is primarily produced during pregnancy. Its levels rise significantly during this period to support foetal development. Estriol has a weaker estrogenic effect compared to oestradiol and estrone. While it may have some potential benefits during menopause, its use and effects are still being researched, and it is not commonly used as a standalone treatment.

Focus on Oestradiol during Menopause:

When it comes to menopause, the most attention is typically given to oestradiol. As the primary oestrogen during a woman's reproductive years, oestradiol plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. During menopause, when the ovaries produce less oestradiol, women experience a range of symptoms, including hot flashes, mood swings, vaginal dryness, and bone density loss.

Many menopausal women opt for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate these symptoms. HRT involves supplementing the body with synthetic or bio-identical oestradiol to restore hormonal balance. Oestrogen replacement therapy can help manage menopausal symptoms, support bone health, brain health and improve quality of life for many women.

Progesterone works in harmony with oestrogen and plays a significant role during menopause. This hormone helps regulate metabolism and mood. Its decline may affect weight management and contribute to changes in body shape.

1. Role of Progesterone:

Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries in women. It is primarily known for its role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy. During the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels increase after ovulation to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels drop, leading to menstruation.

2. Progesterone and Menopause:

During menopause, the production of progesterone decreases significantly, along with a decline in oestrogen production. This hormonal imbalance can lead to a range of symptoms, including irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. The decrease in progesterone levels during menopause is often more significant than the decline in oestrogen levels.

3. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):

Progesterone is often combined with oestrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women who have an intact uterus. When oestrogen is prescribed alone, it can increase the risk of endometrial (uterine) cancer. Adding progesterone to the regimen helps protect the uterus from the potential adverse effects of oestrogen on the endometrium.

4. Types of Progesterone:

There are different forms of progesterone available for hormone replacement therapy, including synthetic progesterone (progestin) and bio-identical progesterone. Progestins are synthetic compounds that mimic some of the effects of natural progesterone. Bio-identical progesterone is derived from plant sources and is structurally identical to the progesterone naturally produced in the body, I find bio identical hormones suit my body better!

5. Benefits of Progesterone in Menopause:

Adding progesterone to oestrogen therapy can provide several benefits during menopause. It helps regulate the menstrual cycle, reduces the risk of endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the uterine lining), and can alleviate symptoms such as hot flashes and mood swings. Progesterone also has a calming effect on the central nervous system and helps improve sleep quality. 

Testosterone, although often associated with men, is also present in women and contributes to energy levels, muscle mass, and libido. Declining Testosterone Levels during the menopause can contributes to various changes in the body.

1. Impact on Energy and Mood: Testosterone plays a role in energy levels and mood regulation. As testosterone levels decrease, women may experience fatigue, decreased motivation, and mood swings during menopause.

2. Influence on Muscle Mass and Bone Health: Testosterone helps maintain muscle mass and strength. As levels decline, women may notice a decrease in muscle tone and overall strength. Furthermore, testosterone also plays a role in bone health, and its decline can contribute to an increased risk of osteoporosis during menopause.

3. Effect on Libido: Testosterone is crucial for maintaining a healthy sex drive in women. The decline in testosterone levels during menopause can lead to a decrease in libido or sexual desire. However, it's essential to note that other factors, such as psychological and relationship factors, can also influence libido during this period.

5. Contribution to Weight Management: Testosterone influences metabolism and helps maintain lean body mass. With lower levels of testosterone, women may experience changes in body composition, including an increase in body fat and difficulty in managing weight during menopause.

6. Potential Benefits of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT): Some women may benefit from testosterone replacement therapy under the guidance of a healthcare professional. TRT can help alleviate symptoms such as fatigue, low libido, and mood changes. However, the use of TRT in women is still a topic of ongoing research, and it should be carefully evaluated on an individual basis.

Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a common approach to alleviate menopause symptoms. It involves supplementing the declining levels of oestrogen and progesterone with synthetic/bio identical hormones. However, it's important to note that HRT may not be suitable for everyone, as it carries potential risks and side effects. An alternative to synthetic hormones is bio-identical hormones, which are derived from natural sources and designed to closely mimic the body's hormones. Discussing the pros and cons of HRT with a healthcare professional is crucial to make an informed decision.

Thyroid Function and Menopause:

The thyroid gland plays a significant role in regulating metabolism. During menopause, hormonal fluctuations can affect thyroid function, leading to weight gain and other symptoms. In fact, the symptoms of an under active thyroid can be mistaken for the menopause. It's essential to monitor thyroid function through regular blood tests – thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to determine whether the true culprit is menopause or a thyroid disorder - or a combination of the two. Maintaining a healthy thyroid function can support weight management during menopause.

Weight Gain and Menopause:

Weight gain is a common complaint during menopause, often attributed to hormonal changes, decreased muscle mass, stress, and a slower metabolism. Incorporating lifestyle changes can be instrumental in managing weight during this phase. Regular exercise, including strength-training exercises, and Yoga/Pilates can help increase metabolism and build lean muscle. A well-balanced nutrient-dense diet, to reduce inflammation and insulin resistance, that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, oily fish, and healthy fats such as olive oil can also support weight management, as well as cutting down alcohol.

Hair Loss and Menopause:

Hair loss or thinning is another frustrating symptom women may experience during menopause. Hormonal changes, particularly a decrease in oestrogen levels, can contribute to this condition. While it may not be entirely preventable, certain dietary and lifestyle interventions can help promote healthy hair growth. Foods rich in antioxidants, vitamins (such as biotin, vitamin D, and vitamin E), and minerals like zinc and iron can support hair health. Additionally, reducing stress, avoiding excessive heat styling, and gentle hair care practices can help minimize hair loss.

Supplements for Weight Loss and Hair Loss:

When it comes to supplements, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new regimen. Some supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, and turmeric reduce inflammation and support weight loss. Collagen, zinc, and iron can help support hair health. However, individual results may vary, and personalized recommendations are key to ensuring safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Navigating menopause can be challenging, however understanding the hormonal changes and their impact on weight gain, hair loss and mood can empower women to take control of their health. Whether considering hormone replacement therapy, exploring bio-identical hormones, or incorporating dietary and lifestyle changes, a holistic approach is essential. By working closely with a dietitian can optimize your well-being during this transformative stage of life.

Remember, this blog provides general information and should not replace individualized advice from your doctor or menopause specialist.